1.1 Dispute Resolution
1.1.1 background
1.1.1.1 primitive communism
1.1.1.1.1 free access to natural resources
1.1.1.1.2 private ownership: consequence of trepass, Egaliterians get consent from others, no serious conflict
1.1.1.2 small size
1.1.1.2.1 everbody knows each other well
1.1.1.2.2 thieves can't be anouymous
1.1.1.3 Dominance of doestic group & kinship
1.1.1.3.1 chief mode of exchange: reprocity
1.1.1.3.2 collective interest can be easily indentified
1.1.1.4 no government: no laws, no coercion, no punihsment
1.1.2 Solution
1.1.2.1 Prevailance of public opinion and support of kinship, e.g. song duel of Eskimo
1.1.2.2 observance of normal behaviour, e.g. witchcraft directs a deviant person
1.2 Small size
1.2.1 prevailance of kindness, generosity, personal bondings
1.2.2 democracy: rule of people
1.2.3 classless: power may be different among ages and gender, but overcome by kinship
1.3 Headman
1.3.1 Earliest form of political leadership
1.3.2 Characteristics
1.3.2.1 incapable of compelling obedience
1.3.2.2 rest on the ability to intuit public opinion
1.3.2.3 example of generosity
1.3.2.3.1 can't be angry / critical in the public
1.3.2.3.2 work hardest
1.3.2.3.3 give away the best
1.3.3 duty
1.3.3.1 give speech: how horror voilence is, cheer up others work
1.3.3.2 give away the best, as model
1.3.3.3 hunting leader (critical move subject to consent)
1.3.3.4 metitating quarrel
1.4 Bigman
1.4.1 Existence
1.4.1.1 groups become larger, rivalry within headmen who compete with each other
1.4.1.2 vie by providing larger feasts
1.4.1.3 so as to gain mroe followers to support
1.4.1.4 winner becomes bigman
1.4.2 Characteristics
1.4.1.1 similar to headman
1.4.1.2 famous for getting man to fight
1.4.3 duty
1.4.3.1 Warfare
1.4.3.1.1 equip man to fight
1.4.3.1.2 providing prostitutes to warriors
1.4.3.1.3 give indemnity to family of the deaths
1.4.3.2 provide large feasts
1.5 Chief
1.5.1 Characteristics
1.5.1.1 can inherit the term of office even not able to provide redistribution temporarily
1.5.1.2 live better than commoners (e.g. Trobrianders)
1.5.1.2.1 shell ornaments
1.5.1.2.2 drawn out cry for arrivals
1.5.1.2.3 headposition lower than chiefs
1.5.1.3 power still limited as access to natural resources can't be cut
1.5.1.4 reply on voluntary labour and food contributions for redistributive work
1.5.2 Duty
1.5.2.1 wage successful wars
1.5.2.2 managing redistributive system e.g. Mico's Granary for accommodating strangers, crop failure)
1.5.2.3 providing large feasts
1.5.3 society stratification appearred (slaves)
1.6 Kings
1.6.1 Characteristics
1.6.1.1 live in palace
1.6.1.2 own guards, staffs
1.6.1.3 own coescive forces
1.6.2 Duty
1.6.2.1 Dispenser rather than provider
1.6.2.2 protector of followers
1.6.2.3 manage the compulsory distributive systems (tax)
1.6.2.4 rule his nation through a hierachical system of officials
2 STATELESS TO STATE
2.1 Ecological approach - circumscribed habitat theory
2.1.1 concentration of population in circumscribed habitat like river valleys, mountain valleys
2.1.2 a central management system is beneficial
2.2 Miltary
2.2.1 population pressure from population growth in bounded area
2.2.2 need for intensified production
2.2.3 military conflicts between different groups
2.2.3.1 winner: gain workers
2.2.3.2 loser: become lower class
2.2.4 conflicts become mroe frequent
2.2.5 management and organising of military forces leads to institutionalization of states
2.3 Mode of production in 'hydraulic' societies
2.3.1 H2O is important and crucial in crop production
2.3.2 water access management if important esp. in dry areas
2.3.3 irrigation encourges management and maintance of network
2.3.4 centralizes irrigation management system is more preferred
2.3.5 those control access of H2O source becomes powerful
3 THOUGHT CONTROL
3.1 Traditional societies
3.1.1 glorification: upheld of doctrine of divine descents
3.1.1.1 building large religious buildings
3.1.1.2 ceremonies to nourish god
3.1.2 entertainment e.g roman circus, gladiator
3.2 modern societies
3.2.1 entertainment: amuse and distract citizenry
3.2.2 media: manipulate conciousness
3.2.3 state-supported universal education
3.2.3.1 teach national songs, salute to flags
3.2.3.2 political indoctrination in communist countries
3.2.3.3 fear of failure, envy of success
3.2.3.4 avoid controversal subjects e.g. political viewpoints
Topic 2: Important political thought in Europe
1. Plato
1.1 Justice: A man does his work in the station of life to wich he was called by his capacities
1.2 Inequality: Differnt class should confine themselved to do best for their special duties
1.3 Law general and abstract rules apply to particular cases
1.4 Inflexibility lead to injustice
1.5 rule of man of highest wisdom
> rule by man
2. Aristotle
2.1 Man: emotional, selfish, unjust
2.2 nature of law
2.2.1 reason free from emotion
2.2.2 equity can compensate the inflexibility
2.2.3 base on custom
2.2.4 base on law maker
> rule by law
3. Thomas Hobbes
3.1 Thought experiment
3.1.1 Nature of Human: Greed of power, insatiably aggressive
3.1.2 life: nasty, short, brutish
3.1.3 war of all against all
3.2 social contract
3.2.1 people give up liberty to ruler to gain security
3.2.2 ruler can use coercion to punish those disobey
3.2.3 so as to receive
3.2.3.1 law and order
3.2.3.2 personal security and property
3.2.3.3 deferrance of criminals
3.2.3.4 dispute solved peacefully
4. John Locke
4.1 Thought experiment
4.1.1 Human: reaonable thought, moderate and practical behaviour
4.1.2 life: prefer trade rather than fight
4.1.3 natural right: life, property, liberty
4.2 social contract
4.2.1 people transfer right to ruler conditional to ruler's performance to protect their natueral rights
4.2.2 right of revolution
4.2.3 so as to receive
4.2.3.1 natural rights
4.2.3.2 judge's application and intepretation of law
4.2.3.3 effective against invasion
5. Rousseau
5.1 rise of nation
5.1.1 human: individual, unique, independent, autonomy, own personalities
5.1.2 more need to be independent, more need for community
5.1.3 community, thus states, created by will of people (e.g. Swiss Confederation, Geneva independence at 1526)
5.2 how to be free in state?
5.2.1 ppl can be free if they are the authors of the law
5.2.2 ppl have equal rights to political participation, including law making process
5.3 basis of gov't
5.3.1 general will (overlapping interest)
5.3.2 acceptance of emergent dicatorship by enlightened minority if ppl can't discern their true interests
6. Karl Marx
Primitive Communism
> Feudalism (due to protection of natural rites, need to management)
> Capitalism (due to high need of productive power)
> socialism (revolution of Prolitariat aginst Bougeoisie)
> communism (state to stateless and calssless)
> true history of human
Topic 3 From Feudalism to Constitutionalism
1. Charter to liberties
King is subject to law in relation to treatment with church officials and nobles.
2. Magna Carta
2.1 king is subject to law
2.2 Habeas Corpus: Detainees can relief from unlawful imprisonment
2.3 freedom to church
3. Petition of Rights
3.1 Quartering soldiers to citizenry not allowed
3.2 Levying tax with parliament's consent not allowed
3.3 martial acts no used in time of peace
3.4 imprisonment w/o cause not allowed
4. Bill of Rights
4.1 Freedom from royal interference with law
4.2 Freedom from taxation from royal prerogative w/o parliament's consent
4.3 Freedom from standing army at peaceful times
4.4 Freedom from fines and forfeiture w/o trial
4.5 Freedom from cruel, unusual punishment and excessive bail
4.6 Freedom to elect members in parliament w/o interference of soveriegn
4.7 Freedom to petition the king
4.8 Freedom to own weapon according to law
4.9 Freedom of speech in Parliament, in proceedings in parliament not to be questioned by court and anyone outside parliament
5. Act of Tolerance
Grant right to non-conformists (i.e. protestants, e.g. Baptists, Quakers, but not Catholics) to freedom of worship:
5.1 own place to worship
5.2 own teachers and preachers , who subject to certain oaths
6. Act of Settlement
The succession of sovereign lies on parliamentary legislation, not by the King
7. Act of Union
7.1 Created Kingdom of Great Britain
7.2 Replace Parliament of England and Parliament of Scotland by Parliament of Great Britain
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